THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF THE UNIVERSE

 ORIGIN :

Imagine various things like plastic bottle or  , books , tube , pipe etc. if we started to heat them with higher and higher temperature , In about 3000 °C it will be converted to gas .

If we heat it in more temperature about 10^12 °C. It will break down into fundamental particles like electron , neutron etc..

  Now if we heat it to more temperature about 10^15 °C , then it will break into quarks and lepton  .And if we increase the temperature about 10^31 °C then the four fundamentals force of nature will break down into one  single force . And the four forces are 

       1.  Strong Nuclear Force

       2. Electro Magnetic Force

       3. Gravitational Force

       4. Weak Nuclear Force

image credits CERN / Flickr

And this combined state exists at 13.8 billions year ago at the moment of Big Bang. All the particles came to reality from this state. After big bang at first gravitational force become free  from it and then all of the four forces became free from this combined state . And surprisingly all the incidents happened within fraction of second.

FUNCTION :

In a  single sentence , every visible or invisible actions  of the universe are controlled by this four fundamental force . From rotating of earth around the sun to the binding energy of nucleus everything is controlled by these forces.

1.  ELECTRO MAGNETIC FORCE :  This force acts between two charged particles . It creates due to the exchange of photon . By the exchange of photon , momentum exchange occurred . And that is the main reason of creation of this force . In case of this force same charges repeal  each other and opposite charges attract each other . It is an infinite range force .

 The formula to deduce the force is 

F = K * (Q*q / R² )

where Q and q are the charge of the particles.

R is the distance between them.

K is the coulomb's constant.

It is one of the strongest fundamental force.

2.  GRAVITATIONAL FORCE :  This force acts on every objects in this entire universe . It is a attractive force . And this force creates by the graviton . 

We also can  describe this force by using the general theory of relativity. 

It is also a infinite range force.

The formula to deduce the force is

F=G*(M*m / R²)

where M and m are the masses of the particles.

R is the distance between them.

G is the Gravitational constant

It is a weak force.

3. STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE :  This the strongest force of the universe , About 100 times more stronger than electromagnetic force. This force creates because of  pi meson . It is attracting force in nature.

In the nucleus proton and neutron stay in a stable condition only because of the strong nuclear force.

this force acts within a short range . It's range is about (10^(-15)) m .

[   Nucleus is made by combination of protons and neutrons . Each proton and each neutron are made by three quarks . Now this quarks are connected by the gluons bond . Gluons are electrically neutral but it has color charge and  so the gluons  interact with each other and creates bond . 

This gluon is the reason  of creating pi meson . ]

4. WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE :  It is actually not a force . we can say it is the power of  the proton to convert into neutron and neutron to proton . In case of proton their are  two up quarks and one down quarks and in case of neutron their are two down quarks and one up quarks .

So to become a neutron from proton it has to convert one up quark to down quark.

In this process proton emits a positron and a neutrino . 

It is known as beta plus decay.

And in the same way to become proton from neutron it has to convert a down quark to up quark .

In this process neutron emits a electron and an anti neutrino.

It is known as  beta minus decay.

                                                   

                    Beta Minus Decay

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